[22], The warm period during between 7000 and 3000 BCE is called the Holocene climatic optimum. "Chronology and Nature of the Pleistocene Beaches and Wave-Cut Cliffs and Terraces, Northeastern Ohio." Parkline phase (750~1000 CE), intrusive Late Woodland, appearance on the Kanawha Valley is found at site 46PU99 (1170–1290 CE),[67] a multi-component site in Putnam county. [24] The frequency of droughts in West Virginia increased in the following decades. ", "Climate, Culture, and Catastrophe in the Ancient World. This room has drawers to open. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Museum of Natural History. They had limited gardening, as recent findings suggest they included the sunflower which predates the large-scale Mesoamerican influence in the Carolinas and Virginia. La Virginie-Occidentale (en anglais : West Virginia, / w ɛ s t v ɝ. The following is an account from Chillicothe, Ill. from American Antiquarian, Vol 2 No 1 (1879): [130] Some Citico rattlesnake gorgets are also found late in the Clover Phase in West Virginia. Cactus Hill is another important early site in Virginia that is similar to Meadowcroft. Temporary oyster gathering sites suggest that they also divided their seasons according to agriculture (Potter, 1994). Johnson and Speedy 1992, Petersen 1996:148. The "Driftless Area" drains into rivers having rugged regions of bluffs and valleys. Dragoo, Don (1963). 1046–1616 CE (CRAI)) people's location across the Ohio River from the Hobson Site and about six miles away. [19] An Early Woodland people from the east began to trade with the latest Archaic people. Quaternary Evolution of the Great Lakes. Prehistoric landmarks in West Virginia had long suffered from neglect and destruction, chiefly as a result of prejudices and misunderstandings, though in recent years they have come to the forefront of heritage tourism and are now taking their rightful place as monuments that memorialize peoples whose existence has otherwise been lost. It was made here before then, but the state became an important manufacturing state at the end of the 19th century. Higher in the state is Cranberry Glades which lay between Mountain ridge top and peaks with five small, boreal bogs. 2006:245). Watson people (100–800 CE) generally lived on flats above the annual flooding of the major rivers, near their small conical mounds. It occurred during the neighboring Watson through Buck Garden period to their south and westerly in the state. the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey's Coal Resources The limestone tempered Watson Ware along with a limited amount of grit-tempered Mahoning Ware was found. [165] Middle and Late Woodland cordage twist in the state is among several more other earlier pottery finish types and more north-westerly S-twist cordage. As the changing weather system warmed the region, ushering in the Late Prehistoric agricultural period around 950 CE, scholars describe an enduring drought from roughly 800–900 CE, which deforested parts of Central America. Both atlatls and the earliest bows and arrows were used in West Virginia at about this time frame. Page Cord-marked ware has limestone-temper material. [171] The other dominant phase in the region of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers confluence is the Patrick Phase. No. Analysis of a new style ceramic discovery from the Winfield Locks Site (46PU4) has provisional Early Woodland dates of 1500–400 BCE along the Kanawha shores. Rappahannock Complex is of the Late Woodland of the Lower Potomac River basin of 900–1700 CE. In 2005, the Haudenosaunee repatraited soil and associated funerary objects from the Fort Hill Site, which they reinterred on their tribal land. The Allegheny Mountains have no volcanic peaks and have very little earthquake activity. Glacial Teays Lake last occurrence was about two million years ago when it outburst and the wash build up created the final large prehistoric lake in the western part of the state. Modern decididuous forests grew south and east of the Allegheny River. Meadowcroft Rockshelter, Avella, Pennsylvania by Mark McConaughy, 14 January 1999, Vento and Donahue 1982:116. Red ochre was placed in elite graves. This climatic phase began after the much earlier appearance of indigenous Early Adena Culture (1735 BCE) in West Virginia.[19]. [19] They lived in compact villages and began raising beans included within the Eastern Agricultural Complex method. The traditional Archaic sub-periods are Early (8000–6000 BCE), Middle (6000–4000 BCE), and Late Riverton Tradition. The College of William and Mary, 2009, Peterson 1996:95; Potter 1993; Hayden 2009:8, Kavanagh et al. Archaeologist Robert Pyle made an astonishing discovery in a cave in West Virginia. Montane (500–1000 CE) locations include the tributaries of the Potomac on the Eastern Panhandle region which also was influenced by the Armstrong Culture and Virginia Woodland people. Jürgen Ehlers, Philip Leonard Gibbard, Quaternary glaciations: extent and chronology, Volume 2, Elsevier, 2004:237. [154] Two variants of the Adena ceramics in the Ohio Valley are the Fayette Thick and Adena Plain. The early arrowhead called 'intrusive mound sniders point' wanes. Below the mouth of Loup Creek, a salt spring was a noted buffalo lick. They used ground-stone implements and flint woodworking tools, as well as bowls of sandstone and soapstone, knives, and net sinkers. [75] The youngest within the Maryland Accokeek Creek site (1300–1650 CE) is associated with the historic Piscataway people.[75][83]. [101] After 1300 CE, there is evidence of inter-village warfare as the climate cools. Between 10,800 and 9500 BCE, the continental glaciers retreated north of the Great Lakes. 2001:70,85. In Kanawha Valley, tools were made with Kanawha Black Flint. Monongahela Chapter of the West Virginia Archaeological Society, The Monongahela Culture, Richard L. George, Revisiting the Monongahela Linguistic/Cultural Affiliation Mystery, ABSTRACT, Pennsylvania Archeology Society. The Page Cordmarked Rims center of distribution is in the Huffman Phase on the James River drainage of the western slopes of the Blue Ridge Mountains, otherwise, from the eastern slopes of the Allegheny Mountains through central Virginia. [42] Cordage was spun from sinew, hide, and fibrous plants. [155], Mahoning Plain and Cordmarked Pottery[156] type description includes three main types that date to the Middle-Late Woodland: Mahoning cordmarked, Mahoning plain, and Mahoning incised. [152], The earliest ceramics of the region's Woodland Culture is called the Half-Moon Ware. These are similar to Peters ceramics and considered to be ancestors of the Middle Woodland wares of the Scioto Tradition from certain Ohio Adena sites. Slade (aka Newman) Southwest to East in Kentucky, Flint Ridge (Vanport cherts) southeast of Upper Mercer, Buck Garden, 46NI49 (with multi-level component), Morrison Shelter, 46NI8 (with multi-level component), Baby, Raymond S. and Martha A. Potter (1965). The arrival of the tomato in the region is thought to be historic, or proto-historic. There are a few organizational problems but otherwise this is a great book for anyone interested in seeing hundreds of the best fossils ever found in WV. Studies at Winfield Locks Site (46PU4) suggest that the Half-Moon Cordmarked variant is a new provisional Early Woodland (1500–400 BC) ceramic series (Niquette and all[153]). The second sample submitted for absolute dating consisted entirely of carbonized Zea Mays. The Tennessee River reaches easterly to the Ridge and Valley Province of the Great Smoky Mountains, part of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Geological Association of Canada, 1985. The nearby Watson Farm village dated between 1600 and 1400 BP and its small, one-meter high mound also contained a stone crypt. The nearby Dempsey Mound in Fayette County, along Laurel Creek, was also reduced before modern science arrived. The Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals of West Virginia 01. Hohn et al. Jonathan P. Kerr writes, "Traditionally, archeologists distinguish the Woodland period from the preceding Archaic by the appearance of cord-marked or fabric-marked pottery, the construction of burial mounds and other earthworks and the rudimentary practice of agriculture (Willey 1966:267)." [13] The vegetation attracted modern game animals by 7800 BCE. They would take refuge to the James River by the middle of the 13th century with others from the greater Carolinas region. In 1881 the Congress of the United States gave $5000 to the Smithsonian Institution to conduct archeological excavations relating to the prehistoric Mound Builders and prehistoric mounds. As Dragoo explained, environment affected development in ways of human living. In contrast, the upper Ohio Valley experienced milder weather patterns. The Mason Island's Page Phase is one of three Late Woodland cultural subdivisions known in the Monocacy River area just before European contact from Alleghany county. For more information contact: Ray Garton PO Box 200, Barrackville, WV 26559 304.282.2306 or garton@prehistoricplanet.com 9.; Geier, Clarence R, 1985 An Ode to a 1000 Piece Puzzle: The Comparative, Anatomy of Four Early Late Woodland. Originally named Mississippi Triangular Point in 1951, Edward G. Scully renamed it to the Madison point after further advanced research. "An excavation in Brooke County first drew attention to the distinctive practice of the Wilhelm people of building small mounds over individual stone-lined graves and then fusing several graves together into a single large mound". Each site had a single circular structure found, which may be due to limited excavation. The deeply carved river valleys, such as the upper Canaan Valley to Blackwater Canyon and the Dolly Sods Wilderness to Cheat River areas, are called Paleozoic Plateaus. The nearby Robson Mound was reported to have been a stone and earthen mound of about fifty five feet in height, before fortune hunters reduced it to a couple of feet, long before modern science arrived. Early Fort Ancient Tradition sedentary hamlet crops Roseberry Phase[99] were adjoining southerly in the Little and Greater Kanawha region as were Feurt Phase (46WD35, 1028–1720 CE). [139] The last occupation at 'Rolfe Lee 46Ms123 period #1' is suspected to be one of these un-palisaded towns, during the dawn of local history. West Virginia Archeological Society, C. Michael Anslinger, and Doctor Sciulli (Ohio University), This page was last edited on 26 February 2021, at 13:50. Some hunters and warriors transitioned to bow and arrow. These refined definitions are based on the latest modern tools and field science within the region, which tends to make obsolete the publications of earlier decades, based on older work from neighboring regions. For stone walls and rock piles or cairns near archaeological sites, "the evidence begins to suggest these sites are part of a regional phenomenon". Dragoo 1956; Mayer-Oakes 1955; Wall 1993a, 1993b) Radiocarbon date; Adell, West Virginia (46GT67) Radiocarbon Dates 1270 + 60; 625–980 CE; intercepts from ca. The Prehistory of West Virginia spans ancient times until the arrival of Europeans in the early 17th century. They wove coarse cloth, colored with natural dyes. These soon assimilated with the regional Woodland People. [40], The Grave Creek Mound in Moundsville is the largest mound in the state and was once surrounded by a moat. It is 79 feet high, 900 feet in circumference at base. Neighboring in Maryland, the Luray Complex dates to 1250–1450 CE. [151], Bowls of steatite, such as those found as Burning Spring Branch Site (46KA142), were gradually replaced by sandstone, which were eventually replaced by ceramic bowls. Million Year Old Amphibian Tracks It may also be notched or impressed. "Exploration of the O. C. Voss Mound". These pushed out the Mason Island complex central Potomac Valley by 1300 CE to the neighboring areas including up the Eastern Panhandle rivers of the Montaine Culture[80][81][82] people and New River drainage neighbors of Bluestone Phase (Jones 1987). Decoration is confined along the rim to the necks . There are also reports of Native American creating stone fishing weirs in creeks to facilitate gigging. The type appears in E Virginia earlier (a mix of twist pre-200 CE),[168] and through to Vermont[169] after the end of the Middle Woodland period about CE 800. Some of these backed waters cut through, leaving higher flatland or terraces among ridge tops above the major river bottoms from which runoff sheds. [108] The major occupation is considered to fall rather early in the Feurt Phase. Their traits are described as blurred. "It is a mistake to assume that these language families (Iroquoian and Algonquian) can be extended backwards in time unchanged for several or more millennia, or that the speakers of these languages remained unchanged and stationary in their original homelands. James Madison, University, Occasional Papers in Anthropology No. Woodland houses are generically described as small wigwam. They follow the Roseberry Phase (Brose et al. [107] These people extend from the Mouth of the Little Kanawha area and began a few centuries before the Orchard people appear. Greererpeton ("creeping beast from Greer") occupies an odd position between the earliest tetrapods (the advanced... 02. Many ancient human-made earthen mounds from various mound builder cultures survive, especially in the areas of Moundsville, South Charleston, and Romney. Maize horticulture appears in the Late Middle Woodland (550–950 CE) and seems to be an "economy" crop.McConaughy 2000, Dragoo 1956 "Climbing beans" similar to today's Kentucky Wonders planted beside hills of maize (corn, Zea mays) appear in the Northern Panhandle and Monongahela drainage system by the 14th century. Prehistoric West Virginia is an association of fossil, mineral, rock and gem collectors and enthusiasts who share this common interest. [14] Carbonized nut hulls from the St. Albans Site in Kanawha County date to 7000 BCE. They used a coiling technique with malleation (tapping) by paddle and anvil. They were, however, very plainly perceivable a half century ago. Some have surmised it was nearly 10 miles long in total, having short branching elements also connected. Small flaked knives and corner notched points were often flint ridge material. 1963, Garrahan 1990; Hatch 1980; Kavanagh 1984; McCann 1971; Prezzano 1992; Stewart 1982; Wall 1992, Ayers 1972; Egloff and Potter 1982; Manson 1948; Stephenson et al.1963; Wall et al. of Geology. of an ancient amphibian, a rare fossil find in West Virginia. As suggested earlier by George, ongoing research projects evidence of Drew is increasingly seen as a separate culture (Johnson & Speedy 2009). Patrick Phase pottery is marked predominantly with S-twist cordage. Radiocarbon date; Mexico Farms (18AG167) Radiocarbon Dates 1620±170; ca. Bean cultivation preceded maize in the upper Ohio Valley. Outflow of melt and weather contributed to the hill and mountain erosion. The small Kanawha Black Flint Lavenna is predominate in central and northeast of the state. PF Karrow and PE Calkin. Although, the atlatl and dart continued in use alongside the arrow into the Late Protohistoric. These feed the Cranberry River. Burning Spring Branch site #142 in Kanawha County would be(46KA142), a site listed as having a multiple occupation of a Fort Ancient Village and a historic stratum. Apr 22, 2019 - Explore Frankie Kerr's board "Prehistoric West Viginia", followed by 568 people on Pinterest. In Harrison County, West Virginia, a small cave was explored in the 19th … [15] Glacial lake outburst floods occurred during the melt outflow. John E. Staller, Robert H. Tykot, Bruce F. Benz, Atkinson, Geo. The Woodland period is differentiated from the Archaic Period by the emergence of agriculture, cord- or textile-marked pottery, and burial mounds.[39]. Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc., Hurricane, WV. A portion of this "picture rock" still remains. Near the mouth of Campbell's creek a large stream-bed stone with Petroglyphs was cut for making a hearth. These villages were smaller and the artifacts are of a less variety than at Fort Ancient. Late Monongahelan were likely middlemen in a marine shell trade network, extending from the Chesapeake Bay to Ontario. The scientists point out that samples from associated faunal remains would also be useful to obtain a clearer understanding. [16] Flooding disturbed archaeological layers of lithics and ceramics in the alluvium of the south branch of the Potomac at the Romney bridge replacement archaeological site. The Quaternary ice age (2.6 million BCE) began during the Pleistocene Epoch. Predating classic Mississippian influence at a great distance down river (Pauketat, 1050 CE "Big Bang" of Cahokia), George describes Drew pottery as like a "bean pot" or "more squat." A study of pottery from other sites in West Virginia determined that the use of this previously unrecognized … [19] Cold-worked copper from the pits in Wisconsin Old Copper Complex region have been found in some Adena mounds. Paleontology in West Virginia refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of West Virginia. [68] Their decorative pottery attributes are grit-tempered pottery with folded rim strips, cordwrapped paddle edge impressions placed on vessel collars and lip notching and/or cord wrapped dowel impressions. Geofacts, Ohio Dept of Natural Resources, Division of Geology, Bul. This area is a portion of the greater Montane. The Middle (1–500 CE) and Late Woodland (500–1000 CE) Periods for the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia would include the Mid-western cultures of primarily Adena and Late Hopewell (1–500 CE) from McConaughy's (2000) research. This was not a "boxed-in crypt. [145] This lawful department will notify the appropriate people for you. [34] The earliest stone point surface finds, like the Dalton variants (8700–8200 BCE), are very rare. Niebert Site (46MS103) yielded important evidence of use by Late Archaic, Middle Woodland (Adena) and Late Woodland peoples (CRAI). Facing Monday Creek Rockshelter (33HO414) in Hocking County, Ohio documents this resource expansion process. (American Bottom Archaeology) 1992, Richards, Simon and King, University of Illinois, Nov 18, 2010, Darla Spencer, RPA, Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. 2008 West Virginia Archeological Society Annual Meeting, Egloff and Potter 1982; McLearen 1991b; Mouer 1991; Stephenson et al. [63], Buck Garden (500–1200 CE) were predominant throughout central Kanawha-New River Valley region following the upper Armstrong. [9] The glacial Monongahela Lake was in the northern part of the state. Like Sponemann people, they were more complex than bands, but, less complex than chiefdoms and the indicators are not present that would show a ranking and stratification society[172]). [162] It ranges from the lower Scioto and Guyandotte rivers and upstream to the lower Muskingum and Little Kanawha rivers area, central to the greater area of the 'Mouth of the Great Kanawha River'. Hopewell at Romney Mound on Tygart Valley appears to be a distinct variant. [150] The locations include: Paint Creek Stone Wall, Rush Creek Wall, Raleigh County WV Wall Site (unverified), Omar, Logan County, WV (unverified), and other stone cairns throughout the Kanawha Region. Clover Phase is divided into two phases, Early Clover dating 1450–1550 CE and Clover dates of 1550–1640 CE. The cereal maize surpassed the Woodland's cereals little barley and may grass as well as a wild rye in the genus Elymus. [140] Local legends suggest the hunt had a religious aspect.[141][142][143][144]). Monongahela has been associated with subsistence-settlement systems that included a large number of upland villages that were often far removed from … These people would become adept in palisading their circular villages with logs. This example was only about half a mile in length, but had higher walls nearly ten feet high.[148]. Use of spice and Sassafras is presently speculative. By the year 2000 it stopped holding regular meetings (Obermiller et al. [12] Earlier trading peoples also from the north, a vanguard Armstrong variant, in southwest West Virginia mingled peacefully with Late Adena peoples. 19 likes. Donald and Greenlee, in 2005, hypothesised that a combination of ecological conditions and pre-existing agricultural technologies could also explain the regional people's diet. Anna Hayden Apr 17 2009, Ceramic Production in Middle Woodland Communities of Practice: A Cordage Twist Analysis in Tidewater Virginia, A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology from The College of William and Mary. The grit-tempered Mahoning Ware pottery becomes the primary ceramic form. These people existed from 1350 to 1150 BP. [92] "Shell mask gorgets with weeping eye designs are commonly found in East Tennessee, northeast Arkansas, and the middle Ohio Valley on sites dating to the Protohistoric period or just prior to it,[93] quoting David Pollack, Kentucky Heritage Council. [53], Wood Phase was contemporaneous with Scioto Valley Tradition's earlier period of post-Hopewellian Cole Culture[54] of central Ohio. West Virginia had no ice sheet buildup during this time. [84] Earlier phase, these people increasingly utilized smoked oysters, stored them and increasingly traded them further inland. [120], Propagation of lithics was summarized by Dr. Oliver, NC Office of State Archaeology in 1999, "If a tradition of manufacture can be identified and substantiated by stratigraphic discoveries in a number of distinct locales, it is then possible to recognize that particular tradition of manufacture through time and across space. Trails through the region facilitated migration, trade, warfare, and hunting. A long-held theory proposes that watering and salt licking animals were driven to the wall's gaps, where waiting hunters had an advantage over the "herded" game. The rim is slightly flared and sometimes found folded. Traditionally, archaeologists visually identify the geological origin of cherts using color and texture as the principal criteria. [78] "The New River Drainage and upper Potomac (Potomac Highlands) represents the range of the Huffman Phase (Page pottery) hunting and gathering area or when it is found in small amounts on village sites, trade ware or Page women being assimilated into another village (tribe)." Madison Railey types 4,5, and 6 appear with the semi-sedentary early fur trade hunters through the Ohio Valley. Glossary of archaeological terms; Paleo Indians; Archaic Period; Woodland Period; Late Prehistoric Period (Fort Ancient) Archaeology Links; Archaeological Site Forms . Drew tradition (900–1350 CE) represents a separate cultural entity as Richard L George of the Society for Pennsylvania in 2006 explained. The last maximum extent of glaciation, known as the Last Glacial Maximum, was approximately 18,000 years ago. [1] They created temporary villages on the Kanawha region streams, Monongahela and Potomac tributary streams of the Allegheny Mountains. Fort Ancient Tradition flourished from about 1000 CE through 1550 CE (Bryan Ward 2009:10–27). North of the Allegheny Plateau, the Till Plains were less affected by drought.[25]. The Monongahela were located in the northern and eastern panhandles. September 27, 1968 number 4, p. 1 – 14. [41] Gourds were grown for containers and rattles. Somerset ceramics Type Site is based on the Pennsylvania Keyser Farm site (44PA1). wrote Mills (OSU 2003). 720–760 CE, Sample #Beta-51491 Wall 1993a. Gnagey village (southwest Pennsylvania, 36SO55 1000–1100 CE Monongahela, limestone) has 98% z-Twist (196 items) and 2% s-Twist (4 items). The Pittsburgh drainage basin is to the north of the river. 1024-0018. [citation needed], In a 1978 abstract, comparing McFate Artifacts at the McJunkin site with Johnston and Squirrel Hill sites in western Pennsylvania, Richard L. George states, "It was suggested that the McFate presence on the McJunkin site may have been the result of foreign potters, namely women, living among the resident Monongahela... and suggests a major population movement from the north in the 16th century and an amalgamation of peoples speaking dissimilar languages." 1990; Wall 1992, Fairchance, Newton, Watson, Woodland, and Woods, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, List of archaeological periods (North America), "West Virginia Timeline of State History. The Red Ocher people and Glacial Kame Cultures evolved together resulting in the following traits. Watson ceramics are also found on the upper reaches of the Potomac River Valley in westernmost Maryland, West Virginia, ranging to eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania, also over a large area in the upper Ohio River Valley. Along the bottom land and terrace of slower moving waters, the Late Prehistoric farming Indian had lived and canoed. The Adena Culture, which originated in Ohio, flourished from 1000 to 200 BCE in West Virginia. A variety of stones for lithic tool making are found across the state in valleys (Brockman, US Forest Service, 2003). A few sherds have shown evidence of fabric impressions. During the Last Ice Age smaller glaciation impounded lakes continued to collect precipitation on the plateau. [52] Maize agriculture became more commonplace during the Middle Woodland 400 BCE–400 CE, which also saw a flowering of Eastern Agricultural Complex, that is, the increased gardening of indigenous seed crops. Cordage Twist impressed pottery decoration is found at Monongahelan and Fort Ancient sites of both shell tempered pottery and some limestone tempered. 50–710 CE, intercept at 420 CE, Sample #Beta-42753, Feature 1a, Wall 1993a, 1993b.

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